Kriolitogeneza, skład i struktura przemarzniętych skał oraz lód gruntowy (stan aktualny problematyki)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/BP/1978/27/9Keywords:
diagenesis, freezing-thawing, formation of ground ice, cryogenic subzonesAbstract
Cryolithogenesis is a key lithogenic process occurring in areas of permafrost and seasonal freezing. This process encompasses both the diagenesis of rocks and sediments, including the formation of ground ice and the structural impact of cyclic freezing and thawing, as well as the mechanisms of cryogenic weathering that lead to the disintegration of rock. In the scientific literature, this process is treated either as an independent type of lithogenesis or as a component of glacial lithogenesis, with regional differentiation influenced by geographical, lithological, and tectonic factors. Particular attention is devoted to northern Eurasia, where four distinct cryogenic subzones have been identified. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the study of the microstructure of cryogenic rocks and the mechanisms underlying the formation of various types of ground ice, such as polygonal-wedge, vein, injection, segregation ice and ice-cement. Micro- and macroscopic analyses enable more accurate differentiation between structures of present and relict permafrost, which is of fundamental importance for palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Despite the relatively stable classification of ground ice, the issue of its genesis remains partially unresolved, highlighting the need for further interdisciplinary research integrating thermophysical, physicochemical and petrographic methods.
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